Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer

Countering Cultural Extremism: Women's Empowerment in the Arab-Islamic World - Case Study: Egypt

Abstract

Taking Egypt as an ideal-typical Muslim majority country, the paper addresses the position of women in Arab-Islamic culture and identifies the challenges to accept women’s rights and gender equality as progressive values. The exclusion of Egyptian women has been spearheaded by political Islamist groups and Islamic institutions to reinforce the patriarchal system, leading the society to normalize aggression and violent acts against women. From that perspective, it is necessary to: 1) understand the recent Egyptian cultural transformation from secular position to Islamizing the societal views of women in 1970s; 2) explain the complexity of Egypt’s contemporary hybrid mainstream culture that combines Islam with Arab-tribal norms; and 3) examine the influence of Egyptian liberal voices.

The paper will contribute to understanding about cultural extremism in Egypt as a reflective model of the Arab country and the challenges of empowering women. In the end, I suggest a set of policies/recommendations to effectively counter that aspect of extremism which is critically influencing all efforts initiated by local and international actors to prevent and counter extremism and violent extremism.

Keywords

Women's rights, Extremism, Culture, Political Islam

PDF

References

  1. “After the ‘Ismailia Bride’ video: Is there a Culture that justifies Violence against Women in Arab Society?” BBC Arabic, February 22, 2022, https://www.bbc.com/arabic/interactivity-60482467.
  2. Albo, Moshe, and Yoram Meital. “The Independent Path of Shaykh Al-Azhar’ Abd Al-Ḥalīm Maḥmūd.” Die Welt des Islams 54, no. 2 (2014): 159–82.
  3. Ashraf, Aya. “A Woman Attacks Two Girls in the Metro Video.” Al Watan, April 20, 2022. https://honna.elwatannews.com/news/details/2141008/بالضرب-والشتيمة-سيدة-تعتدي-على-فتيات-في-المترو-لبسكم-حرام-فيديو
  4. Aslam, Maleeha. Gender-based Explosions: The Nexus between Muslim Masculinities, Jihadist Islamism and Terrorism. United Nations University Press, 2012. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/726747?ln=en.
  5. Badran, Margot. “Nawal El-Saadawi: A Fearless Feminist without Borders.” Blog post. Wilson Center, March 8, 2019. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/nawal-el-saadawi-fearless-feminist-without-borders.
  6. EFDE. “Statistics on Violent Crimes against Women and Girls in Egypt.” In Observatory of Gender-Based Violence Against Women in Egypt 2021, 17–27. Edrak Foundation of Development and Equality, 2021. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1q13Ko6mKe5bfBXb
  7. OIcjF8P2Q5WWxBbpA/view?fbclid=IwAR3lQ9H5hoIUdOSsBh9v0p29pKQHr2peXIPFefNmy67fOs7g2JALlL_5B4Q.
  8. El Feki, Shereen, Brian Heilman and Gary Barker, eds. Understanding Masculinities: Results from the International Men and Gender Equality Survey (Images) – Middle East and North Africa. Cairo and Washington, DC: UN Women and Promundo-US, 2017. https://imagesmena.org/en/egypt/.
  9. El‐Mahdi, Rabab. “Does Political Islam Impede Gender‐Based Mobilization? The Case of Egypt.” Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 11, no. 3 (2010): 379–96.
  10. Esposito, John L., and Natana J. DeLong-Bas. Women in Muslim Family Law. New York: Syracuse University Press, 2001.
  11. Gaber, Ashraf (@SherifGaber). “Either you wear Hijab, or you’ll be Slaughtered just like Naira.” Twitter, 4.44am June 2, 2022. https://twitter.com/SherifGaber/status/1539318340354576394.
  12. Ghattas, Kim. Black Wave: Saudi Arabia, Iran and the Rivalry that Unravelled the Middle East. London: Wildfire, 2020.
  13. Guenena, Nemat, and Nadia Wassef. Unfulfilled Promises: Women’s Rights in Egypt. Cairo: Population Council, 1999. https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2598&context=departments_sbsr-pgy.
  14. Kepel, Gilles. Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. New York: I.B. Tauris, 2003.
  15. Khaleeli, Homa. “Nawal El Saadawi: Egypt’s Radical Feminist.” The Guardian, April 16, 2010. https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/apr/15/nawal-el-saadawi-egyptian-feminist.
  16. Kposowa, Augustine J., and Dina Aly Ezzat. “Religiosity, Conservatism, and Acceptability of Anti-female Spousal Violence in Egypt.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no.12 (2019): 2525–50.
  17. Mahmoud, Abdel Halim. Fatawi al Imam Abdel Halim Mahmoud: Part II. Cairo: Dar al-Ma’aref, 2002.
  18. Maspero Zaman. “Sharawi Interview on Marital Life Matters.” YouTube video, 19:59, December 3, 2018. https://youtu.be/xTWW23V2uSg.
  19. Moustafa, Tamir. “Conflict and Cooperation between the State and Religious Institutions in Contemporary Egypt.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 32, no. 1 (2000): 3–22.
  20. “Nayera Ashraf: Egypt Arrests Suspect in Student Killing.” Al Jazeera, June 21, 2022. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/6/21/egypt-arrests-suspect-in-gruesome-student-street-killing.
  21. O’Reilly, Marie. Why Women? Inclusive Security and Peaceful Societies. Institute for
  22. Inclusive Security, 2015. https://www.inclusivesecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/
  23. Why-Women-Brief-2020.pdf.
  24. Saba, Irum, and Khadija Bari. “The Role of Women in Business and the Life of Khadija.” In Economic Empowerment of Women in the Islamic World: Theory and Practice, edited by Toseef Azid and Jennifer L. Ward-batts, 85–100. London: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., 2020.
  25. Shahin, Magda, and Yasmeen El‐Ghazaly. “The Impact of Notions of Nationalism on Women’s Rights in Egypt.” Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 17, no. 2 (2017): 177–92.
  26. Shukrallah, Hala. “The Impact of Islamic Movement in Egypt.” Feminist Review 47 (1994): 15–32.
  27. Sika, Nadine, and Yasmin Khodary. “One Step Forward, Two Steps Back? Egyptian Women within the Confines of Authoritarianism.” Journal of International Women’s Studies 13, no. 5 (2012): 91–100. https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol13/iss5/9.
  28. Sixsilentmen. “Egyptian Leader Gamal Abdel Nasser laughing at the Hijab Law in 1958.” YouTube video, 1:56, June 12, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=brlFxRYCggE.
  29. Zakarriya, Jihan. “Public Feminism, Female Shame, and Sexual Violence in Modern Egypt.” Journal of International Women’s Studies 20, no.7 (2019): 112–28.
  30. Zeghal, Malika. “Religion and Politics in Egypt: The Ulema of Al-Azhar, Radical Islam, and the State (1952-94).” International Journal of Middle East Studies 31, no. 3 (1999): 371–99.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.