Commemoration of the Shared Australian-Turkish Legacy of Gallipoli Through the Auburn Gallipoli Mosque
Abstract
The Gallipoli campaign (1915–1916) represents a watershed moment in the national consciousness of Australia and Türkiye. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk inaugurated a commemoration of the battle as a shared legacy of respect when he described the Australian martyrs as “lying in the soil of a friendly country…and are in peace.” This 1934 commemoration of Gallipoli as a moment in which prior enemies became united through a common experience shaped the historical, cultural, political, and social remembrance of the campaign. This paper interrogates how commemoration of Gallipoli manifests in present-day Australia through Auburn Gallipoli Mosque in Sydney and calls to attention to the role commemoration of shared legacies can play in fostering relations between disparate communities.
Keywords
Gallipoli, commemoration, Australia, Türkiye, non-Muslim/Muslim relations
References
- Ahmad, Feroz. The Making of Modern Turkey. Routledge, 2003.
- Akif, Mehmet. Safahat [Phases]. Edited by M. Ertuğrul Düzdağ. Çağrı Publishing, 2008.
- Ali, Jan. Islam and Muslims in Australia: Settlement, Integration, Shariah, Education and Terrorism. Melbourne University Publishing, 2020.
- Apfelbaum, Erika. “Halbwachs and the Social Properties of Memory.” In Memory: Histories, Theories, Debates, edited by S. Radstone and B. Schwarz, 77–92. Fordham University Press, 2010.
- Basarin, J., J. Hall, and K. Fewster. “Anzac Day at Gallipoli: A Turkish Perspective.” In Reflections on ANZAC Day: From One Millennium to the Next, edited by A. M. Hede and R. Rentschler, 65–76. Heidelberg Press, 2010.
- Bayhaqī, Abū Bakr. Shu‘b al-īmān [The Branches of Faith]. Maktabat al-Rushd wa’l-Tawzī‘, 2003.
- Bean, C. E. W. The Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–18: Vol. II: The Story of Anzac from 4 May 1915 to the Evacuation of the Gallipoli Peninsula. Angus & Robertson, 1955.
- Bouma, Gary D. Mosques and Muslim Settlement in Australia. Australian Government Publishing Service, 1994.
- Çakar, Kadir. “Experiences of Visitors to Gallipoli, a Nostalgia-Themed Dark Tourism Destination: An Insight from Trip Advisor.” International Journal of Tourism Cities 4, no. 1 (2018): 98–109.
- Cevik-Compiegne, Burcu. “‘As Long as the Internet Lasts’: Harnessing the Digital Turn in Turkish-Australian Gallipoli Centenary Commemorations.” Journal of Intercultural Studies 43, no. 3 (2022): 319–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/07256868.2022.2010679.
- Cheal, Felicity, and T. Griffin. “Pilgrims and Patriots: Australian Tourist Experiences at Gallipoli.” International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research 7, no. 3 (2013): 227–41.
- Chittick, William. “On the Cosmology of Dhikr.” In Paths to the Heart: Sufism and the Christian East, edited by J. Cutsinger, 48–63. World Wisdom, 2002.
- Chittick, William. “The School of Ibn ‘Arabī.” In History of Islamic Philosophy, edited by S. H. Nasr and O. Leaman, 510–23. Routledge, 2007.
- Çicek, Kemal. “Turkish Perception of the Anzacs in the Dardanelles Campaign.” Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 2 (2022): 70–75.
- Clodfelter, Michael. Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015. McFarland, 2017.
- Coninx, Sabrina, and Albert Newen. “Theories of Understanding Others: The Need for a New Account and the Guiding Role of the Person Model Theory.” Belgrade Philosophical Annual 31 (2018): 127–53. Crawford, Max. Australia. Hutchinson, 1952.
- Daily Sabah with Agencies. “Anzac Soldiers Remembered in Türkiye at Dawn Gallipoli Ceremony.” Daily Sabah, April 25, 2023. https://www.dailysabah.com/turkiye/anzac-soldiers-remembered-in-turkiye-at-dawn-gallipoli-ceremony/news.
- Dargan-Miller, Alanna. “Commemoration of a Nation: The Infatuation with Anzac in Australia’s WWI Centenary.” PhD diss., University of Wollongong, 2024.
- Davidson, Graeme. “The Habit of Commemoration and the Revival of Anzac Day.” Australian Cultural History 23 (2003): 73–82.
- DeJonkheere, Melissa, and Lisa M. Vaughn. “Semistructured Interviewing in Primary Care Research: A Balance of Relationship and Rigour.” Family Medicine and Community Health 7, no. 2 (2019): e000057. https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2018-000057.
- Della Bosca, John. “Education or the Bush: The Origins of the Anzac Legend.” PhD diss., University of Sydney, 2022.
- Erickson, Edward. Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War. Greenwood, 2001.
- Gillis, John R. “Memory and Identity: The History of a Relationship.” In Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity, edited by John Gillis, 3–26. Princeton University Press, 1994.
- Goldman, Alvin. “Interpretation Psychologized.” Mind & Language 4, no. 3 (1989): 161–85.
- Gordon, Robert. “The Simulation Theory: Objections and Misconceptions.” Mind & Language 7, no. 1&2 (1992): 11–34.
- Goshal, Raj A. “Transforming Collective Memory: Mnemonic Opportunity Structures and the Outcomes of Racial Violence Memory Movements.” Theory and Society 42, no. 4 (2013): 329–50.
- Gürcan, Metin, and Robert Johnson. The Gallipoli Campaign: The Turkish Perspective. Routledge, 2016.
- Halbwachs, Maurice. On Collective Memory. Edited and translated by L. A. Coser. The University of Chicago Press, 1992.
- Halbwachs, Maurice. The Collective Memory. Harper-Colophon Books, 1950.
- Handler, Richard. “Is ‘Identity’ a Useful Cross-Cultural Concept?” In Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity, edited by John Gillis, 27–40. Princeton University Press, 1994.
- Holbrook, Carolyn. Anzac: The Unauthorised Biography. NewSouth Publishing, 2014.
- Holbrook, Carolyn. “Family History, Great War Memory and the ANZAC Revival.” Social Alternatives 37, no. 3 (2018): 19–25.
- Holbrook, Carolyn. ‘“Remembering with Advantages:’ The Memory of the Great War in Australia.” Comillas Journal of International Relations, no. 2 (2015): 17–30.
- Howard, Rebecca M. “Interactive Commemoration in the Sacro Bosco.” Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes (2020): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/14601176.2020.1794350.
- Ibn ‘Arabī, Muḥyī al-Dīn. Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam [The Ring Stones of Wisdom]. Dār al-Kitāb al-‘Arabī, 2002.
- Ilhan, Suat. “Atatürk’ün Cephelerde Verdiği Dört Emir” [Four Orders Given by Atatürk on the Battlefields]. Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi 9, no. 3 (1987): 479–86.
- Inglis, Ken. “Gallipoli Pilgrimage 1965.” Journal of the Australian War Memorial 18 (1991): 20–27.
- Izutsu, Toshihiko. Ethico-Religious Concepts in the Qur’an. McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2002.
- Jacob, Frank. “Gallipoli: The Rise of Mustafa Kemal, and the Martial Creation of the Turkish Nation.” Global Humanities: Identities and Nationhood 8 (2021): 9–23.
- Johnson, Robert, and James E. Kitchen. The Great War in the Middle East: A Clash of Empires. Routledge, 2019.
- Kirişci, A. Candan. “The Face of the ‘Enemy’: The Image of the Adversary in Turkish Literary Works about Gallipoli.” Journal of New Zealand Literature 33, no. 2 (2015): 160–81.
- Kokkranikal, J., Y. S. Yang, R. Powell, and E. Booth. “Motivations in Battlefield Tourism: The Case of ‘1916 Easter Rising Rebellion’, Dublin.” In Tourism and Culture in the Age of Innovation, edited by V. Katsoni and A. Stratigea, 321–30. Second International Conference, IACuDiT, 2015.
- Köroglu, Erol. Ottoman Propaganda and Turkish Identity: Literature in Turkey during World War I. Tauris Academic Studies, 2007.
- Lagos, E., A. Harris., and M. Sigala. “Emotional Language for Image Formation and Market Segmentation in Dark Tourism Destinations: Findings from Tour Operators’ Websites Promoting Gallipoli.” TOURISMOS: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism 10, no. 2 (2015): 153–70.
- Lake, Marilyn, and Henry Reynolds. What’s Wrong with Anzac?: The Militarisation of Australian History. University of New South Wales Press, 2010.
- Lewis, Bob, and Tim Gurry. Australians at War: Primary Schools Education Resource. Commonwealth of Australia, 2002.
- Liu, Zhongmin, and Meng Shu. “Nationalist Thoughts and Islam in the Late Ottoman Empire.” Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies 11, no. 2 (2017): 14–26.
- Macleod, Jenny. “The Fall and Rise of Anzac Day: 1965 and 1990 Compared.” War and Society 20, no. 1 (2002): 149–68.
- Marchegiani, Christopher, and Ian Phau. “Away from ‘Unified Nostalgia’: Conceptual Differences of Personal and Historical Nostalgia Appeals in Advertising.” Journal of Promotion Management 16, no. 1 (2010): 80–95.
- Mason, Jennifer. Qualitative Researching. Sage, 1996.
- McKenna, Mark, and Stuart Ward. “‘It was Really Moving, Mate’: The Gallipoli Pilgrimage and Sentimental Nationalism in Australia.” Australian Historical Studies 38 (2007): 141–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/10314610708601236.
- McMeekin, Sean. The Russian Origins of the First World War. Harvard University Press, 2011.
- Moses, John. “Anzac Day as Australia’s All Souls’ Day: Canon David John Garland’s Vision for Commemoration of the Fallen.” Paper presented at the Christian Mission in the Public Square conference of the Australian Association for Mission Studies and the Public and Contextual Theology Research Centre of Charles Sturt University, Australian Centre for Christianity and Culture, Canberra, October 2-5, 2008.
- Muehling, Darrel D., and Vincent Pascal. “An Involvement Explanation for Nostalgia Advertising Effects.” Journal of Promotion Management 18, no. 1 (2012): 100–18.
- Nabb, Daniel. “Pilgrimages, Memory and Millennials: An Investigation of the Latest Wave of Australian Pilgrims to Gallipoli.” PhD diss., Macquarie University, 2022.
- National Army Museum. “Gallipoli Campaign.” Accessed July 23, 2023. https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/gallipoli#.
- National Museum of Australia. “Gallipoli Landing.” Accessed August 12, 2023. https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/gallipoli-landing.
- National Trust NSW. “Auburn Gallipoli Mosque.” Accessed August 17, 2023. https://www.nationaltrust.org.au/initiatives/auburn-gallipoli-mosque/.
- Orianne, Jean-François, and Francis Eustache. “Collective Memory: Between Individual Systems of Consciousness and Social Systems.” Frontiers in Psychology 14 (2013): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1238272.
- Ozer, S. U., Ersoy, G. K., and Tuzunkan, D. “Dark Tourism in Gallipoli: Forecast Analysis to Determine Potential of Australian Visitors.” Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 41 (2012): 386–93.
- Piehler, G. Kurt. “The War Dead and the Gold Star: American Commemoration of the First World War.” In Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity, edited by John Gillis, 168–87. Princeton University Press, 1994.
- Potts, Anthony, and Nina Maadad. “Teaching Primary Students about War.” Australian Journal of Teacher Education 44, no. 8 (2019): 1–14.
- Ruslin, R., S. Mashuri, M. S. Abdul Rasak, S. Alhabsyi,and H. Syam. “Semi-structured Interview: A Methodological Reflection on the Development of a Qualitative Research Instrument in Educational Studies.” IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education 12, no. 1 (2022): 1–29.
- Ryan, Chris. “Introduction.” In Battlefield Tourism: History, Place and Interpretation, edited by Chris Ryan, 1–10. Elsevier, 2007.
- Sacid, Feyzullah. “Çanakkale.” In Türk Yurdu, vol. 4, edited by M. Çefkat, 181–82. Tutibay Yayinlari, 1999.
- Schwartz, Barry. “The Social Context of Commemoration: A Study in Collective Memory.” Social Forces 61, no. 2 (1982): 374–402.
- Shaw, Stanford J., and E. K. Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Volume 2: Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey, 1808-1975. Cambridge University Press, 2002.
- Sherman, Daniel J. “Art, Commerce, and the Production of Memory in France after World War I.” In Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity, edited by John Gillis, 186–212. Princeton University Press, 1994.
- Slade, Peter. “Gallipoli Thanatourism: The Meaning of ANZAC.” Annals of Tourism Research 30, no. 4 (2003): 779–94.
- Spaulding, Shannon. “Simulation Theory.” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 1, no. 4 (2010): 527–38.
- Tirmidhī, Abū ‘Īsā. Sunan al-Tirmidhī [The Hadith Collection of Tirmidhī]. Maṭba‘a Muṣṭafā al-Bābī, 1975.
- Toprak, Zafer. “Cihan Harbi'nin Provası Balkan Harbi” [The Balkan Wars: A Rehearsal for World War I]. Toplumsal Tarih Dergisi 104 (2002): 44–51.
- “Turkish PM Mobbed in Mosque Visit.” Sydney Morning Herald, December 10, 2005. https://www.smh.com.au/national/turkish-pm-mobbed-in-mosque-visit-20051210-gdmlul.html.
- Wehr, Hans. A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic. Spoken Language Services Inc., 1994.
- Wise, David. The Politics of Lying: Government Deception, Secrecy, and Power. Random House, 1973.
- Yucel, Salih. “Tajdid (Renewal) by Embodiment: Examining the Globalization of the First Mosque Open Day in Australian History.” Religions, 13, no. 8/705 (2022): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13080705.
- Ziino, Bart. “Who Owns Gallipoli? Australia’s Gallipoli Anxieties 1915–2005.” Journal of Australian Studies, 30, no. 88 (2006): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/14443050609388071.